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Wednesday, January 24, 2018

Human Body Composition and Kinanthropology,Energy Flow and Human Ecological Responsiveness, Human Epidemiology and Public Health

M.Sc. in ANTHROPOLOGY Semester IV 
Compulsory Papers

AHS-541         Human Body Composition and Kinanthropology
Total: 60
Semester Exam.: 45
Internal Assessment: 15

Objectives: The objective of this paper is to acquaint the students with patterns of human body composition in relation to evolutionary biology, biocultural factors, sports, intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as genes, hormones, the physical and social environment, and mathematics.

SECTION-I

Definition and scope of body composition; Methods of   studying body composition: Surface anthropometry including Matiegka’s methods; Densitometry, Hydrometry and Roentgenogrammetry; Body composition of the foetus; Body composition changes during infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood.

                                                                   SECTION-II

Modern techniques of studying body composition: Gamma Ray spectrophotometry, Computer Axial Tomography (CAT) scanning, Photon absorptiometry, Bioelectrical impedance, The urinary creatinine excretion method; Fat patterning in human body; Obesity: Assessment and Management.

SECTION-III

Kinanthropology: meaning and scope; Importance of sports in human society; Role of heredity and environment in body dimensions and proportions; Relationship of different types of sports efficiency and different body proportions.

                                                                  SECTION-IV


Ecological, ethnic and genetic variation of body shape and size in relation to sports efficiency and physical performance; Somatotype and physiological profile of sportsmen and women.


AHS-542         Energy Flow and Human Ecological Responsiveness
Total: 60
Semester Exam.: 45
Internal Assessment: 15

Objectives: Ecological Anthropology concentrates on basic scientific and academic research on the relationship between human population and ecosystems with an emphasis on the influence of culture. The paper also facilitates understanding of the mechanisms of human adaptation to environmental stress.

SECTION-1

Biomes and Human Populations: Introduction, characteristics and organization of Biomes, major Biomes of the world.
Ecological Energetics: Introduction, Energy flow, Measuring Energy use in Human Populations, Energy flow in human populations, Energy Expenditure, Variations in Energy Expenditure.
                                                                  SECTION-II
Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems, Human populations and nutrient cycles, Human populations and the hydrologic cycles, Salt Requirements & Adaptation, Humans and Protein Requirements
.
SECTION-1II
Malnutrition: Adaptation to malnutrition, Infectious Disease as a biotic stress, Vector-Borne Diseases, Diseases passed through Direct Contact.  Diseases passed through sanitation route, Disease passed through intimate contact, Interactions of Infectious Disease, malnutrition and other stresses.
                                                                SECTION-IV
Human Ecology and the Ecology of Humans; Optimization; Models in Human Ecology.


AHS-543         Human Epidemiology and Public Health
Total: 60
Semester  Exam. : 45
Internal Assessment: 15

Objectives: Epidemiology and Public Health have both biological and socio-cultural dimensions and are of much value to anthropology.  This course on these subjects helps in defining various basic concepts, methods and tools used by epidemiologists and public health specialists to study the health and dynamics of populations.

SECTION-I

Definition, scope and methods of epidemiology; Descriptive epidemiology, Analytic epidemiology; Experimental epidemiology, Measures of health and disease frequency determinants in populations; Epidemiological study design.

                                                                   SECTION-II
Concepts, principles, philosophy, purpose, organization, functions and tools used in public health  care and practice. Basic concepts and theoretical foundations to the principles of management with an emphasis on public health and health care settings.
SECTION-III
Planning and evaluation for community health programs, including proposal development and evaluation; considerations for community/consumer involvement in planning.
                                                                   SECTION-IV    
Theories of health education and health promotion for public health professionals; approaches for individual, group, and community-level behavior change.  Preceptor-guided field experience in public health practice through an association or public health-oriented community program.
AHS-544         Contemporary & Indian Anthropology     

Total: 60
Semester Exam.: 45
Internal Assessment: 15

Objectives:  This course is aimed at providing a holistic understanding of anthropological theories and its relevance in constructing empirical realities. Anthropology is a field science. Empirical data that is generated in the field with the help of designed tools has to be interpreted with the help of theoretical models. This course equips students to master art of interpretation and analysis.

Pedagogic Exercise: The course will have four class room seminars after the completion of each section of the syllabus. Students will be required to write eight assignments two from each section of the course.

SECTION-I

Psychological approaches – Ralph Linton, Kardiner, Cora du Bois.

                                                                   SECTION-II

Contemporary Social Theories – Gender theories, Clifford Geertz.

SECTION-III

Contributions of Indian Anthropologists: S.C. Roy, N.K. Bose, D.N. Majumdar.

                                                       SECTION-IV

Contribution of S.C. Dube, Verrier Elwin.

AHS-545         Data Analysis and Report Writing 
Total: 80

            Data analysis, report writing defense through viva voce.

PROGRAMME OPTIONS
(Students may choose any of the options A or B)

OPTION A- Biological Anthropology
(Students may choose any three of the followings papers)

AHS-5446A    Dimensions and Implications of Human Evolution
Total: 40
Semester Exam.: 30
Internal Assessment: 10

  Objectives:   The course is designed with a view to enhance the understanding and appreciation of the advanced concepts of Human Evolution-the fundamentals of which the students have already studied in the first year.  Further, the course also provides information on diagnostic features, description, distribution through time and space as well as the phylogenetic status of early hominids leading to the present day man besides sufficiently equipping the students with information on Palaeopathological as well as paleodemogarphical processes involved in interpreting the osteological as well as cultural remains-the analysis of such data interpreting it in terms of various demographic variables as well as disease in prehistoric populations.
                                                  
SECTION-I

            Emergence of Modern Man—Osteological evidences from Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Americas, their development, life-ways, dwellings, aesthetic expressions, tool inventory, migration routes and subsistence patterns, etc.
                                                           
                                                                  SECTION-II

            Antiquity of man and various view points of Hominid evolution (Asia versus Africa). 

                                                                 SECTION-III

Demography of early human population—Palaeopathology-traumatism, malformation and non-specific osteological variables (i.e. osteoarthritis, spondylitis, rickets, symmetrical osteoporosis and tumors), dental pathology.

                                                                    SECTION-IV
           
Palaeodemography – skeletal  analysis and determination of demographic variable in Prehistoric populations (i.e., migration, fertility, morbidity and mortality) and post-neolithic population growth.

AHS-547A      Forensic Biology

Total: 40
Semester Exam.: 30
Internal Assessment: 10

Objectives: This course is an introduction to the basic principles of Applied Physical Anthropology. The main focus of the course is on forensic anthropology which is an applied field within the larger discipline of biological anthropology. One of the objectives the course is to impart to the students  basic knowledge about the analysis, interpretation and use of crime scene evidence of fingerprints, blood and some body fluids, hair and dentitions for individualization to solve problems of medico-legal significance. Additionally, the course also introduces the basic concepts of human engineering and the application of the techniques of physical anthropology in industry, medicine, nutrition, and sports


SECTION-I
Dermatoglyphics: Application of Dermatoglyphics in crime investigation, including personal identification from finger prints.  Latent prints: methods of development and identification; elementary method of classification in Fingerprint Bureau.

                                                                  SECTION-II

Hair: Morphology of hair, distinction between human and animal hair.
Differentiation of scalp, body and pubic hair.  Age, sex and population differences, in brief.

SECTION-III

Forensic serology: Nature of human blood; identification of blood stain and determination of its species and blood group; identification of seminal stains. Application of blood groups in personal identification and disputed paternity.

                                                                   SECTION-IV

Human engineering (Human Factors): Seats, work space and gear (such as anti-gravity suits, oxygen masks, readymade garments for mass use).  Anthropology and medicine, including growth, nutrition, and sports.

Practical
Total: 20
Semester Exam. : 16
Internal Assessment: 04

Personal identification from skeletal material.

AHS-548A      Enzyme, Serum proteins and other Genetic Variation
Total: 40
Semester Exam.: 30
Internal Assessment: 10

Objectives: This course aims to impart knowledge regarding various human genetic markers. Most of the markers that are focused are the various serum proteins. The course aims to help the student appreciate the genetic basis, the global distribution and the correlated conditions of health and disease. Many of these markers have forensic uses and these are focused also. This course equips the student with the skills to handle various genetic markers in the human blood and other systems as tools in population genetic research and forensic work. A corollary skill development will enable the student to pursue work in areas of allied medical research

                                                       SECTION-I
Plasma Proteins: Haptoglobins, Transferrins, Group specific component and Inheritance and geographical distribution of Hp and Tf variants.

                                                       SECTION-II
Immunoglobulins.  The Gm and Inv groups.

                                                                    SECTION-III
Histocompatibility antigen (HLA): History, subtype, inheritance and linkages, HLA and diseases.

                                                                    SECTION-IV

Miscellaneous variations: Inheritance and distribution of taste deficiency for Phenylthiourea, Colour vision abnormalities and Finger and Palm prints.

AHS-549A      Gene Flow and Quantitative Genetics
Total: 40
Semester Exam.: 30
Internal Assessment: 10
Description: This course surveys population genetics theory as applied to micro-evolutionary change in human populations.  We will look at the effects of mutation, selection, mating patterns, recombination, and genetic drift on changes in the genetic composition of human populations.  Initial emphasis is on mathematical analyses of these relationships at the micro-level.  We will then use this knowledge to examine applications of population genetics theory to human population history and evolution.

Objectives: The objectives of this course are to (1) To provide a solid foundation for understanding the genetic basis of evolution (2) To provide sufficient historical, intellectual, and mathematical background so that you can evaluate contemporary research in anthropological genetics (3) To provide with tools, concepts, and ways of thinking about quantitative problems in biological anthropology and evolutionary biology.

SECTION I
Genetic Migration and Drift: Types of migrations and their genetic effects, models to study genetic effect of migration: one-way model, island model, Estimation of migration rates; how does migration limit genetic divergence?

Gene flow, effects of gene flow, genetic clines, racial admixture, calculation of admixture

                                                                  SECTION-II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
Founder effect, Isolate breaking (The Wahlund Principal), Random genetic drift, Effective population size, fluctuations in population size.

SECTION III
Quantitative Genetics: Multifactorial inheritance, Types of quantitative traits: continuous, meristic and threshold traits; Phenotypic variation and components of phenotypic variation – Genotypic and environmental. Estimation of quantitative genetic parameters: genetic kinship, identical by descent, resemblance between relatives, calculating the number of polygenes, quantitative trait loci (QTL).

                                                                  SECTION-IV                                                                                         

Twin study method-concordance rates and analysis of variance approach. Assumptions underlying the classing twin method.
Concept of heritability, broad-sense and narrow-sense heritability; Estimates of heritability from twin and family studies; Artificial selection and realized heritability; Norm of Reaction and Phenotypic plasticity.

Practical
Total: 20
Semester Exam. : 16
Internal Assessment: 04

Collection of bloods and serum samples, storage of samples of red–cell
Suspensions; Agglutination, agglutinin titre, A1 A2 B0 and Rh Blood group typing; -ABH-Secretion
Haemotological techniques: Demonstration of Electrophoresis.
PTC tasting ability, Colour-vision abnormalities analysis, Exercises on gene and genotype frequencies in random mating populations, numerical exercises on estimation of heritability from given data.
Identification of some common genetic diseases/syndromes and variable expression of genes from photographs/karyotypes/slides; and mode of inheritance from pedigree data.

OPTION B- Socio-cultural anthropology
(Students may choose any three of the followings papers)

AHS-546B      Tribal Anthropology and Peasant Movements
Total: 40
Semester Exam.: 30
Internal Assessment: 10

Objectives: Tribes are an important segment of the Indian society but they have remained relatively isolated form the mainstream. This course is intended to acquaint the students of anthropology with the basic attributes of the different people who constitute the Indian population. The scheduled tribes present a wide spectrum of economic and cultural development. The objective of this paper is to familiarize the students to help them develop a comprehensive knowledge of the tribal communities in India, their problems, the approaches to their development, the changing scene and the future to equip the students to tackle the issue.

SECTION-I

The constitutional safeguards for the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes: Protective, Developmental, Political, and others.

                                                                   SECTION-II
Tribal problems and welfare measures relating to: Forests, shifting cultivation, Land alienation, Health and sanitation/nutrition, Indebtedness, Bonded labour, Education. Development programmes during different Five-year Plans. Anthropological approach to tribal development.

SECTION-III

Tribal movements for- autonomy, revivalistic/nativistic.

                                                                  SECTION-IV

Peasant movement in India – some case studies – Bardoli, Telengana, Tebhaga, Malabar).

Practical
Total: 20
Semester Exam.: 16
Internal Assessment: 04

OBJECTIVES: This course is designed to develop and appreciate the material culture of simpler societies. This skill is necessary for employment in many organizations like museums, etc.
  • Identification and description of various implements used by tribals in hunting, fishing, agriculture, fire-making, habitation and ornaments, means of transport.

  • Mapping of various settlements of tribal peoples in India.

  • Developmental schemes and strategies (Plan/Sub Plan): Large-Scale Agricultural Multipurpose Societies (LAMPS), Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP), Community Development Project (CDP), Integrated Rural Development Project (IRDP), Component Plan for SC, Tribal Youth Self-Employment Scheme (TRYSEM), Reservation for Women in Panchayati Raj, Role of Voluntary Organizations in Development.
AHS-547B      Cultural Disease and Illness
Total: 40
Semester Exam.: 30
Internal Assessment: 10

Objectives: This paper relates to familiarization of the students with the socio-cultural dimension of health, illness and health care. India is a classic example of co-existence of several systems of medicine-medical pluralism. Through this paper, an attempt has been made to familiarize the students with globally existing different types of medical systems, both indigenous and modern, the socio-cultural contexts of the medical systems and to equip the students in understanding the compatibility of different systems of medicine and evolving projects blending the traditional complimentary nature and biomedicine foci.

SECTION-I

Medical Systems: Medical Systems as Socio-cultural Adaptive Strategies; Disease Theory and Health Care Systems.

                                                                    SECTION-II

Traditional and Modern Systems of Medicine; Strength and Weaknesses of Traditional Systems of Medicine.

SECTION-III

Ethno-medicine-Terminological problems; disease etiology causality concepts; Shaman, Witchcraft and other curers. Ethno-psychiatry-Cultural definition of Normal and Abnormal.

                                                                   SECTION-IV

Cultural specific disorders; Cultural Modes of handling mental illness. Tribal Health in India: Concept of disease and cure. Socio cultural issues: Health, Nutrition and Demography, Interaction of Traditional and Modern Medical practices with case studies, Tribal medicine and their Modern Use.


Practical
Total: 20
Semester Exam.: 16
Internal Assessment: 04

·         Planning and evaluation for community health programmes, including proposal development and evaluation.
·         Preceptor-guided field experience in public health practice through an association or public health-oriented community programme.

AHS-548B      Anthropology in Action
Total: 40
Semester Exam.: 30
Internal Assessment: 10

Objectives: This course is aimed at orienting the students towards an application of the knowledge of anthropology in various socio-cultural fields. It makes provisions for developing skill to practically administer/execute projects beneficial to the society, making use of available technological and human resources. Emphasis is laid on action-oriented programs to equip the students with the practical work and knowledge. This may help them, on one hand to earn their livelihood through their own expertise and skill and, on the other, contribute meaningfully to the welfare and development of the society.

SECTION-I

Application of anthropological knowledge in programmes sponsored administered by governmental and non-governmental agencies.

                                                                   SECTION-II

Community development; tribal development; other poverty alleviation programmes.

SECTION-III

Anthropological approaches in community, health, natural health promotion and disease control programmes such as population control, nutrition, mother and child health, health education.

                                                                   SECTION-IV

Anthropology in relation to Leprosy, TB, AIDS, etc. Anthropology in education and communication.


Practical
Total: 20
Semester Exam.: 16
Internal Assessment: 04

To evaluate the current situation of disease like T.B., AIDS and Leprosy and their impact on society using recent concepts.

AHS-549B      Current Anthropology and Policy
Total: 40
Semester Exam.: 30
Internal Assessment: 10

Objectives: The course is designed to give students insights in changing perspectives of the subject in the recent past. From classic to contemporary is a journey that defines the context and future course for any discipline. The discipline of social and cultural anthropology is continuously evolving itself. There are fresh issues that confront humanity along with technological revolutions. Conflict regarded as quintessential to any society acquires different dimensions with changing lifestyles. Assertion of identity has remained critical to man’s instinctive survival. It assumes varied expressions in rapidly transforming social situations.

SECTION-I
Policy Issues:

Nations Boundaries and Mobility
Anthropology of Diaspora Populations
                                                                   SECTION-II

Anthropology of Traditional Art and Craft
Public Policy and Anthropology

SECTION-III

Some Current Research Concerns:

HIV/AIDS in anthropological researches
Gender in anthropological researches

                                                                  SECTION-IV

Human rights issues in the domain of Anthropology
New Social movements (Feminist and Environment movement)
Ethnicity and Identity concerns, Religion and  Politics, pluralism and Multi-Culturalism.

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