- You can read this all in CAMPBELL biology
- Introduction Themes in the Study of Life
- different areas of biology
- brain, organ system, nerve cell, nervous tissue
- Systems biology
Protists and bacteria
- matching DNA nucleotide sequences
http://www.2shared.com/document/Jo-LsGhe/Introduction Themes in the Study of Life.html
Theme: New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy The hierarchy of life unfolds as follows:
biosphere ecosystem community
population organism organ system
organ tissue cell organelle molecule atom.
With each step upward from atoms, new properties emerge as a result of interactions among components at the lower levels. In an approach called reductionism, complex systems are broken down to simpler components that are more manageable to study. In systems biology, scientists attempt to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system’s parts.
Theme: Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization The form of a biological structure suits its function and vice versa.
• Theme: The cell is an organism’s basic unit of structure and function The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life. Cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-enclosed organelles,including a DNA-containing nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells lack such organelles.
• Theme: The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA Genetic information is encoded in the nucleotide sequences of DNA. It is DNA that transmits heritable information from parents to offspring. DNA sequences program a cell’s protein production by being transcribed into RNA and
then translated into specific proteins, a process called gene expression. Gene expression also results in RNAs that are not translated into protein but serve other important functions. Genomics
is the large-scale analysis of the DNA sequences within a species as well as the comparison of sequences between species.
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